E.M.D. Sales, Inc. v. Carrera

Decided January 15, 2025. Brett M. Kavanaugh delivered the opinion of the Court.

Docket 23-217 · 604 U.S. 45 (2025) · Cited 32 times

Holding

The preponderance-of-the-evidence standard applies when an employer seeks to demonstrate that an employee is exempt from the minimum-wage and overtime-pay provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act.

The Court’s statement of the holding, from the opinion’s syllabus. The syllabus is prepared by the Reporter of Decisions and is not part of the opinion of the Court. Read the official opinion for authority.

How the Justices voted

Decided 9–0.

“Concurring” means agreeing with the outcome; any split shown is the Court’s judgment, not each Justice’s reasoning. The lineup is the syllabus’s disposition of who wrote and joined each opinion. Source: the opinion’s syllabus (supremecourt.gov).

Precedents cited

Supreme Court decisions this opinion relies on, ordered by how often it cites each. Cases in our collection link through; others are named.

• Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins · 490 U.S. 228 (1989)
• Grogan v. Garner · 498 U.S. 279 (1991)
• New York Times Co. v. Sullivan · 376 U.S. 254 (1964)
• Addington v. Texas · 441 U.S. 418 (1979)
• Microsoft Corp. v. i4i Ltd. Partnership · 564 U.S. 91 (2011)
• Nishikawa v. Dulles · 356 U.S. 129 (1958)
• Santosky v. Kramer · 455 U.S. 745 (1982)
• Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc. · 418 U.S. 323 (1974)
• Herman & MacLean v. Huddleston · 459 U.S. 375 (1983)
• Corning Glass Works v. Brennan · 417 U.S. 188 (1974)
• United States v. Detroit Timber & Lumber Co. · 200 U.S. 321 (1906)
• National Labor Relations Board v. Transportation Management Corp. · 462 U.S. 393 (1983)
• Astoria Federal Savings & Loan Ass'n v. Solimino · 501 U.S. 104 (1991)
• Schneiderman v. United States · 320 U.S. 118 (1943)
• Christopher v. Smithkline Beecham Corp. · 567 U.S. 142 (2012)
• Halo Electronics, Inc. v. Pulse Electronics, Inc. · 579 U.S. 93 (2016)
• National Licorice Co. v. National Labor Relations Board · 309 U.S. 350 (1940)
• Dixon v. United States · 548 U.S. 1 (2006)
• United States v. Regan · 232 U.S. 37 (1914)
• Murray v. UBS Securities, LLC · 601 U.S. 23 (2024)

Cited by

Later Supreme Court opinions in our collection that cite this case.

• Diamond Alternative Energy, LLC v. EPA · 606 U.S. 100 (2025)

Official text

Read the official opinion (PDF, supremecourt.gov)

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Brett M. Kavanaugh’s profile · All Supreme Court opinions · The Supreme Court

Source: Supreme Court of the United States, slip opinions (2025). Citation count from the Free Law Project’s CourtListener bulk data. Data last verified 2026-08-15. Informational only; verify against the primary source before relying. Not a consumer report (FCRA).