Supreme Court of Virginia et al. v. Friedman
Decided June 20, 1988. Anthony McLeod Kennedy delivered the opinion of the Court.
Docket 87-399 · 487 U.S. 59 (1988) · Cited 132 times
Holding
Virginia's residency requirement for admission to the State's bar without examination violates the Privileges and Immunities Clause.
The Court’s statement of the holding, from the opinion’s syllabus. The syllabus is prepared by the Reporter of Decisions and is not part of the opinion of the Court — read the official opinion for authority.
How the Justices voted
Decided 7–2.
Majority · 7
- Anthony McLeod Kennedy · delivered the opinion of the Court
- Byron Raymond White
- Harry Andrew Blackmun
- John Paul Stevens
- Sandra Day O'Connor
- Thurgood Marshall
- William Joseph Brennan Jr.
Dissenting · 2
- Antonin Scalia
- William Hubbs Rehnquist · filed a dissenting opinion
“Concurring” means agreeing with the outcome; any split shown is the Court’s judgment, not each Justice’s reasoning. Source: the Supreme Court Database (Spaeth et al.), Washington University.
Precedents cited
Supreme Court decisions this opinion relies on, ordered by how often it cites each. Cases in our collection link through; others are named.
- Supreme Court of NH v. Piper · 470 U.S. 274 (1985)
- Toomer v. Witsell · 334 U.S. 385 (1948)
- United Building & Constr. Trades Council of Camden Cty. v. Mayor and Council of Camden · 465 U.S. 208 (1984)
- Baldwin v. Fish and Game Comm'n of Mont. · 436 U.S. 371 (1978)
- Paul v. Virginia · 75 U.S. 168 (1869)
- Hicklin v. Orbeck · 437 U.S. 518 (1978)
- Austin v. New Hampshire · 420 U.S. 656 (1975)
Cited by
Later Supreme Court opinions in our collection that cite this case.
- Burnham v. Superior Court of Cal., County of Marin · 495 U.S. 604 (1990)
Official text
Read the official opinion (U.S. Reports, govinfo.gov)
Explore from here
Anthony McLeod Kennedy’s profile · All Supreme Court opinions · The Supreme Court
Source: Supreme Court of the United States, slip opinions (1988). Citation count from the Free Law Project’s CourtListener bulk data. Data last verified 2026-07-03. Informational only; verify against the primary source before relying. Not a consumer report (FCRA).