California v. Hodari D.

Decided April 23, 1991. Antonin Scalia delivered the opinion of the Court.

Docket 89-1632 · 499 U.S. 621 (1991) · Cited 3,670 times

Holding

The only issue presented here whether, at the time he dropped the drugs, Hodari had been "seized" within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment must be answered in the negative.

The Court’s statement of the holding, from the opinion’s syllabus. The syllabus is prepared by the Reporter of Decisions and is not part of the opinion of the Court — read the official opinion for authority.

How the Justices voted

Decided 7–2.

“Concurring” means agreeing with the outcome; any split shown is the Court’s judgment, not each Justice’s reasoning. Source: the Supreme Court Database (Spaeth et al.), Washington University.

Precedents cited

Supreme Court decisions this opinion relies on, ordered by how often it cites each. Cases in our collection link through; others are named.

• Terry v. Ohio · 392 U.S. 1 (1968)
• United States v. Mendenhall · 446 U.S. 544 (1980)
• Katz v. United States · 389 U.S. 347 (1967)
• Michigan v. Chesternut · 486 U.S. 567 (1988)
• Florida v. Royer · 460 U.S. 491 (1983)
• Olmstead v. United States · 277 U.S. 438 (1928)
• Brower Ex Rel. Estate of Caldwell v. County of Inyo · 489 U.S. 593 (1989)
• Tennessee v. Garner · 471 U.S. 1 (1985)
• Immigration & Naturalization Service v. Delgado · 466 U.S. 210 (1984)
• Brown v. Texas · 443 U.S. 47 (1979)
• Hester v. United States · 265 U.S. 57 (1924)
• Brinegar v. United States · 338 U.S. 160 (1949)
• United States v. Brignoni-Ponce · 422 U.S. 873 (1975)
• Dunaway v. New York · 442 U.S. 200 (1979)
• United States v. Place · 462 U.S. 696 (1983)
• Delaware v. Prouse · 440 U.S. 648 (1979)
• United States v. Jacobsen · 466 U.S. 109 (1984)
• Texas v. Brown · 460 U.S. 730 (1983)
• United States v. Chadwick · 433 U.S. 1 (1977)
• Elkins v. United States · 364 U.S. 206 (1960)
• United States v. Martinez-Fuerte · 428 U.S. 543 (1976)
• Michigan v. Summers · 452 U.S. 692 (1981)
• Henry v. United States · 361 U.S. 98 (1959)
• Davis v. Mississippi · 394 U.S. 721 (1969)
• Silverman v. United States · 365 U.S. 505 (1961)
• Reid v. Georgia · 448 U.S. 438 (1980)
• Cupp v. Murphy · 412 U.S. 291 (1973)
• Rios v. United States · 364 U.S. 253 (1960)
• Alberty v. United States · 162 U.S. 499 (1896)

Cited by

Later Supreme Court opinions in our collection that cite this case.

• Torres v. Madrid · 592 U.S. 306 (2021)
• Manuel v. City of Joliet · 580 U.S. 357 (2017)
• County of Sacramento v. Lewis · 523 U.S. 833 (1998)
• Florida v. Bostick · 501 U.S. 429 (1991)
• Brendlin v. California · 551 U.S. 249 (2007)
• Lange v. California · 594 U.S. 295 (2021)
• Albright v. Oliver · 510 U.S. 266 (1994)
• Illinois v. Wardlow · 528 U.S. 119 (2000)
• County of Riverside v. McLaughlin · 500 U.S. 44 (1991)
• California v. Acevedo · 500 U.S. 565 (1991)
• United States v. Drayton · 536 U.S. 194 (2002)
• Wyoming v. Houghton · 526 U.S. 295 (1999)
• Wilson v. Arkansas · 514 U.S. 927 (1995)
• Sanchez-Llamas v. Oregon · 548 U.S. 331 (2006)
• Kaupp v. Texas · 538 U.S. 626 (2003)

Official text

Read the official opinion (U.S. Reports, govinfo.gov)

Explore from here

Antonin Scalia’s profile · All Supreme Court opinions · The Supreme Court

Source: Supreme Court of the United States, slip opinions (1991). Citation count from the Free Law Project’s CourtListener bulk data. Data last verified 2026-07-03. Informational only; verify against the primary source before relying. Not a consumer report (FCRA).