International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace & Agricultural Implement Workers of America, Uaw, et al. v. Johnson Controls, Inc.

Decided March 20, 1991. Harry Andrew Blackmun delivered the opinion of the Court.

Docket 89-1215 · 499 U.S. 187 (1991) · Cited 411 times

Holding

Title VII, as amended by the Pregnancy Discrimination Act (PDA), forbids sex-specific fetal-protection policies.

The Court’s statement of the holding, from the opinion’s syllabus. The syllabus is prepared by the Reporter of Decisions and is not part of the opinion of the Court — read the official opinion for authority.

How the Justices voted

Decided 9–0.

“Concurring” means agreeing with the outcome; any split shown is the Court’s judgment, not each Justice’s reasoning. Source: the Supreme Court Database (Spaeth et al.), Washington University.

Precedents cited

Supreme Court decisions this opinion relies on, ordered by how often it cites each. Cases in our collection link through; others are named.

• Dothard v. Rawlinson · 433 U.S. 321 (1977)
• Western Air Lines, Inc. v. Criswell · 472 U.S. 400 (1985)
• City of Los Angeles Department of Water v. Manhart · 435 U.S. 702 (1978)
• California Federal Savings & Loan Ass'n v. Guerra · 479 U.S. 272 (1987)
• Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins · 490 U.S. 228 (1989)
• Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission · 462 U.S. 669 (1983)
• Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp. · 400 U.S. 542 (1971)
• General Electric Co. v. Gilbert · 429 U.S. 125 (1976)
• Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio · 490 U.S. 642 (1989)
• Arizona Governing Committee for Tax Deferred Annuity & Deferred Compensation Plans v. Norris · 463 U.S. 1073 (1983)
• Florida Lime & Avocado Growers, Inc. v. Paul · 373 U.S. 132 (1963)
• Trans World Airlines, Inc. v. Thurston · 469 U.S. 111 (1985)
• Frontiero v. Richardson · 411 U.S. 677 (1973)
• English v. General Electric Co. · 496 U.S. 72 (1990)
• Silkwood v. Kerr-McGee Corp. · 464 U.S. 238 (1984)
• Board of Ed. of Westside Community Schools (Dist. 66) v. Mergens · 496 U.S. 226 (1990)
• Industrial Union Dept., AFL-CIO v. American Petroleum Institute · 448 U.S. 607 (1980)
• Demarest v. Manspeaker · 498 U.S. 184 (1991)
• Muller v. Oregon · 208 U.S. 412 (1908)
• Bethlehem Steel Co. v. New York State Labor Relations Board · 330 U.S. 767 (1947)
• Farmers Educational & Cooperative Union v. WDAY, Inc. · 360 U.S. 525 (1959)

Cited by

Later Supreme Court opinions in our collection that cite this case.

• Bray v. Alexandria Women's Health Clinic · 506 U.S. 263 (1993)
• Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President and Fellows of Harvard College · 600 U.S. 181 (2023)
• Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc. · 510 U.S. 17 (1993)
• Freytag v. Commissioner · 501 U.S. 868 (1991)
• Epic Systems Corp. v. Lewis · 584 U.S. 497 (2018)
• Chevron U. S. A. Inc. v. Echazabal · 536 U.S. 73 (2002)
• Murray v. UBS Securities, LLC · 601 U.S. 23 (2024)

Official text

Read the official opinion (U.S. Reports, govinfo.gov)

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Harry Andrew Blackmun’s profile · All Supreme Court opinions · The Supreme Court

Source: Supreme Court of the United States, slip opinions (1991). Citation count from the Free Law Project’s CourtListener bulk data. Data last verified 2026-07-03. Informational only; verify against the primary source before relying. Not a consumer report (FCRA).