Kadrmas et al. v. Dickinson Public Schools et al.

Decided June 24, 1988. Sandra Day O'Connor delivered the opinion of the Court.

Docket 86-7113 · 487 U.S. 450 (1988) · Cited 405 times

We don’t yet publish a summary of this opinion — read the official text below for the Court’s holding and reasoning.

How the Justices voted

Decided 5–4.

“Concurring” means agreeing with the outcome; any split shown is the Court’s judgment, not each Justice’s reasoning. Source: the Supreme Court Database (Spaeth et al.), Washington University.

Precedents cited

Supreme Court decisions this opinion relies on, ordered by how often it cites each. Cases in our collection link through; others are named.

• Plyler v. Doe · 457 U.S. 202 (1982)
• San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez · 411 U.S. 1 (1973)
• Bearden v. Georgia · 461 U.S. 660 (1983)
• Ortwein v. Schwab · 410 U.S. 656 (1973)
• City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc. · 473 U.S. 432 (1985)
• Brown v. Board of Education · 347 U.S. 483 (1954)
• Griffin v. Illinois · 351 U.S. 12 (1956)
• United States v. Kras · 409 U.S. 434 (1973)
• Fahey v. Mallonee · 332 U.S. 245 (1947)
• Papasan v. Allain · 478 U.S. 265 (1986)
• Wisconsin v. Yoder · 406 U.S. 205 (1972)
• Vance v. Bradley · 440 U.S. 93 (1979)
• Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections · 383 U.S. 663 (1966)
• Bullock v. Carter · 405 U.S. 134 (1972)
• Hodel v. Indiana · 452 U.S. 314 (1981)
• Little v. Streater · 452 U.S. 1 (1981)
• Selective Service System v. Minnesota Public Interest Research Group · 468 U.S. 841 (1984)
• Dandridge v. Williams · 397 U.S. 471 (1970)
• McGowan v. Maryland · 366 U.S. 420 (1961)
• Boddie v. Connecticut · 401 U.S. 371 (1971)
• Flagg Bros., Inc. v. Brooks · 436 U.S. 149 (1978)
• Craig v. Boren · 429 U.S. 190 (1976)
• Arnett v. Kennedy · 416 U.S. 134 (1974)
• Harris v. McRae · 448 U.S. 297 (1980)
• Lindsey v. Normet · 405 U.S. 56 (1972)
• McDonald v. Board of Election Comm'rs of Chicago · 394 U.S. 802 (1969)
• Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan · 458 U.S. 718 (1982)
• Maher v. Roe · 432 U.S. 464 (1977)
• Clark v. Jeter · 486 U.S. 456 (1988)
• Smith v. Bennett · 365 U.S. 708 (1961)

Cited by

Later Supreme Court opinions in our collection that cite this case.

• Nordlinger v. Hahn · 505 U.S. 1 (1992)
• Lewis v. Casey · 518 U.S. 343 (1996)
• Heller v. Doe Ex Rel. Doe · 509 U.S. 312 (1993)
• Romer v. Evans · 517 U.S. 620 (1996)

Official text

Read the official opinion (U.S. Reports, govinfo.gov)

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Source: the U.S. Reports via govinfo.gov; authoring Justice and vote lineup from the Supreme Court Database (Washington University). Citation count from the Free Law Project’s CourtListener bulk data. Data last verified 2026-07-03. Informational only; verify against the primary source before relying. Not a consumer report (FCRA).