Fry et al. v. United States

Decided May 27, 1975. Thurgood Marshall delivered the opinion of the Court.

Docket 73-822 · 421 U.S. 542 (1975) · Cited 224 times

We don’t yet publish a summary of this opinion — read the official text below for the Court’s holding and reasoning.

How the Justices voted

Decided 7–1.

“Concurring” means agreeing with the outcome; any split shown is the Court’s judgment, not each Justice’s reasoning. Source: the Supreme Court Database (Spaeth et al.), Washington University.

Precedents cited

Supreme Court decisions this opinion relies on, ordered by how often it cites each. Cases in our collection link through; others are named.

• United States v. California · 297 U.S. 175 (1936)
• Maryland v. Wirtz · 392 U.S. 183 (1968)
• New York v. United States · 326 U.S. 572 (1946)
• Wickard v. Filburn · 317 U.S. 111 (1942)
• United States v. Darby · 312 U.S. 100 (1941)
• Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States · 379 U.S. 241 (1964)
• Graves v. New York Ex Rel. O'Keefe · 306 U.S. 466 (1939)
• Edelman v. Jordan · 415 U.S. 651 (1974)
• Udall v. Tallman · 380 U.S. 1 (1965)
• National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. · 301 U.S. 1 (1937)
• Yakus v. United States · 321 U.S. 414 (1944)
• Leary v. United States · 395 U.S. 6 (1969)
• United States v. Jackson · 390 U.S. 570 (1968)
• Tot v. United States · 319 U.S. 463 (1943)
• South Carolina v. Katzenbach · 383 U.S. 301 (1966)
• United States v. Butler · 297 U.S. 1 (1936)
• Burnet v. Coronado Oil & Gas Co. · 285 U.S. 393 (1932)
• Houston, East & West Texas Railway Co. v. United States · 234 U.S. 342 (1914)
• Principality of Monaco v. Mississippi · 292 U.S. 313 (1934)
• Public Util. Comm'n of Cal. v. United States · 355 U.S. 534 (1958)
• Helvering v. Gerhardt · 304 U.S. 405 (1938)
• United States v. Cardiff · 344 U.S. 174 (1952)
• Case v. Bowles · 327 U.S. 92 (1946)

Cited by

Later Supreme Court opinions in our collection that cite this case.

• National League of Cities v. Usery · 426 U.S. 833 (1976)
• Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority · 469 U.S. 528 (1985)
• Federal Energy Regulatory Commission v. Mississippi · 456 U.S. 742 (1982)
• New York v. United States · 505 U.S. 144 (1992)
• Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Assn., Inc. · 452 U.S. 264 (1981)
• Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida · 517 U.S. 44 (1996)
• Atascadero State Hospital v. Scanlon · 473 U.S. 234 (1985)
• United States v. Morrison · 529 U.S. 598 (2000)
• Printz v. United States · 521 U.S. 898 (1997)
• New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer · 440 U.S. 568 (1979)
• Nevada v. Hall · 440 U.S. 410 (1979)
• Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Wyoming · 460 U.S. 226 (1983)
• Massachusetts v. United States · 435 U.S. 444 (1978)

Official text

Read the official opinion (U.S. Reports, govinfo.gov)

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Source: the U.S. Reports via govinfo.gov; authoring Justice and vote lineup from the Supreme Court Database (Washington University). Citation count from the Free Law Project’s CourtListener bulk data. Data last verified 2026-07-03. Informational only; verify against the primary source before relying. Not a consumer report (FCRA).