Missouri, et al. v. Kalima Jenkins, et al.

Decided June 12, 1995. William Hubbs Rehnquist delivered the opinion of the Court.

Docket 93-1823 · 515 U.S. 70 (1995) · Cited 334 times

We don’t yet publish a summary of this opinion — read the official text below for the Court’s holding and reasoning.

How the Justices voted

Decided 5–4.

“Concurring” means agreeing with the outcome; any split shown is the Court’s judgment, not each Justice’s reasoning. Source: the Supreme Court Database (Spaeth et al.), Washington University.

Precedents cited

Supreme Court decisions this opinion relies on, ordered by how often it cites each. Cases in our collection link through; others are named.

• Hills v. Gautreaux · 425 U.S. 284 (1976)
• Milliken v. Bradley · 418 U.S. 717 (1974)
• Freeman v. Pitts · 503 U.S. 467 (1992)
• Missouri v. Jenkins · 495 U.S. 33 (1990)
• Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education · 402 U.S. 1 (1971)
• Milliken v. Bradley · 433 U.S. 267 (1977)
• Board of Ed. of Oklahoma City Public Schools v. Dowell · 498 U.S. 237 (1991)
• McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission · 514 U.S. 334 (1995)
• Bray v. Alexandria Women's Health Clinic · 506 U.S. 263 (1993)
• Brown v. Board of Education · 347 U.S. 483 (1954)
• Green v. County School Board of New Kent County · 391 U.S. 430 (1968)
• Pasadena City Board of Education v. Spangler · 427 U.S. 424 (1976)
• Keyes v. School Dist. No. 1, Denver · 413 U.S. 189 (1973)
• United States v. Lopez · 514 U.S. 549 (1995)
• City of Richmond v. J. A. Croson Co. · 488 U.S. 469 (1989)
• United States v. Fordice · 505 U.S. 717 (1992)
• Edelman v. Jordan · 415 U.S. 651 (1974)
• United States v. Mendenhall · 446 U.S. 544 (1980)
• Brown v. Board of Education · 349 U.S. 294 (1955)
• Yee v. City of Escondido · 503 U.S. 519 (1992)
• Procunier v. Navarette · 434 U.S. 555 (1978)
• Katzenbach v. Morgan · 384 U.S. 641 (1966)
• Lebron v. National Railroad Passenger Corporation · 513 U.S. 374 (1995)
• Dayton Board of Education v. Brinkman · 433 U.S. 406 (1977)
• Wright v. Council of Emporia · 407 U.S. 451 (1972)
• United States v. Scotland Neck City Board of Education · 407 U.S. 484 (1972)
• Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife · 504 U.S. 555 (1992)
• Chambers v. Nasco, Inc. · 501 U.S. 32 (1991)
• San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez · 411 U.S. 1 (1973)
• Hutto v. Finney · 437 U.S. 678 (1978)

Cited by

Later Supreme Court opinions in our collection that cite this case.

• Lewis v. Casey · 518 U.S. 343 (1996)
• Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin · 570 U.S. 297 (2013)
• Trump v. Hawaii · 585 U.S. 667 (2018)
• Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 · 551 U.S. 701 (2007)
• Horne v. Flores · 557 U.S. 433 (2009)
• Liu v. SEC. & Exch. Comm'n · 591 U.S. 71 (2020)
• Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President and Fellows of Harvard College · 600 U.S. 181 (2023)
• Martinez v. Ryan · 566 U.S. 1 (2012)
• Brown v. Plata · 563 U.S. 493 (2011)
• Lonchar v. Thomas · 517 U.S. 314 (1996)
• Alexander v. South Carolina State Conference of the NAACP · 602 U.S. 1 (2024)
• Whole Woman's Health v. Jackson · 595 U.S. 30 (2021)

Official text

Read the official opinion (U.S. Reports, govinfo.gov)

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Source: the U.S. Reports via govinfo.gov; authoring Justice and vote lineup from the Supreme Court Database (Washington University). Citation count from the Free Law Project’s CourtListener bulk data. Data last verified 2026-07-03. Informational only; verify against the primary source before relying. Not a consumer report (FCRA).