Supreme Court / Appointed 1993 / Served to 2020
Portrait of Ruth Bader Ginsburg

Ruth Bader Ginsburg

Associate Justice, Supreme Court of the United States

Appointed by President William J. Clinton in 1993 and confirmed by the Senate 963, Ruth Bader Ginsburg was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. She earned a law degree from Columbia Law School in 1959. She previously served on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. 211 opinions of the Court ↓ Sources ↓

Lived
1933–2020
Appointed by
William J. Clinton, 1993
Confirmed
96–3
Education
Cornell 1954 · Columbia Law School 1959
Succeeded by
Amy Coney Barrett

Federal judicial service

YearCourtAppointed byVote
1980District of Columbia CircuitCarter (D)Voice vote
1993Supreme CourtClinton (D)96–3

Party letters show the appointing president’s party, not the judge’s own. A voice vote means the chamber approved aloud. No senator-by-senator tally is recorded.

Confirmation vote

Nomination Confirmed 963 on August 3, 1993 · 103rd Congress, Roll Call 232. Each senator links to their judicial-voting record.

Voted to confirm · 96

55 D, 41 R

Voted against · 3

3 R

Did not vote · 1

1 D

Education

Opinions of the Court

Ginsburg delivered 211 opinions of the Court in the covered window (October Term 1993 – October Term 2019). Most cited: Jenifer Arbaugh v. Y & H Corporation, Dba the Moonlight Cafe (6,493 citations).

YearCaseCitationCited
2020Patent and Trademark Office v. Booking.com B. V.591 U.S. ___ (2020)
2020United States v. Sineneng-Smith590 U.S. 371 (2020)297
2020Thryv, Inc. v. Click-To-Call Technologies, LP590 U.S. 45 (2020)58
2020Shular v. United States589 U.S. 154 (2020)207
2020Monasky v. Taglieri589 U.S. 68 (2020)225
2020Ritzen Group, Inc. v. Jackson Masonry, LLC589 U.S. 35 (2020)354
2019Virginia House of Delegates v. Bethune-Hill587 U.S. 658 (2019)193
2019Fort Bend County v. Davis587 U.S. 541 (2019)277
2019BNSF R. Co. v. Loos586 U.S. 310 (2019)1
2019Fourth Estate Pub. Benefit Corp. v. Wall-Street.com586 U.S. 296 (2019)238
2019Timbs v. Indiana586 U.S. 146 (2019)354
2018Mount Lemmon Fire Dist. v. Guido586 U.S. 1 (2018)51
2018Animal Science Products, Inc. v. Hebei Welcome Pharmaceutical Co.585 U.S. 33 (2018)77
2018China Agritech, Inc. v. Resh584 U.S. 732 (2018)228
2018McCoy v. Louisiana584 U.S. 414 (2018)738
2017Perry v. Merit Systems Protection Bd.582 U.S. 420 (2017)4620
2017Microsoft Corp. v. Baker582 U.S. 23 (2017)280
2017Sessions, Att'Y Gen. v. Morales-Santana582 U.S. 47 (2017)211
2017Bnsf Railway Co. v. Tyrrell581 U.S. 402 (2017)7
2017Nelson v. Colorado581 U.S. 128 (2017)211
2017Coventry Health Care of Missouri v. Nevils581 U.S. 87 (2017)1
2017Moore v. Texas581 U.S. 1 (2017)293
2016Bravo-Fernandez v. United States
2016United States v. Bryant579 U.S. 140 (2016)
2016Betterman v. Montana578 U.S. 437 (2016)
2016Sheriff v. Gillie578 U.S. 317 (2016)
2016Bank Markazi v. Peterson578 U.S. 212 (2016)152
2016Hughes v. Ppl Energyplus578 U.S. 150 (2016)
2016Evenwel v. Abbott578 U.S. 54 (2016)
2016Campbell-Ewald Co. v. Gomez577 U.S. 153 (2016)967
2016Bruce v. Samuels577 U.S. 1021 (2016)278
2015Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission576 U.S. 787 (2015)174
2015Mellouli v. Lynch575 U.S. 798 (2015)301
2015Harris v. Viegelahn575 U.S. 510 (2015)183
2015Rodriguez v. United States575 U.S. 348 (2015)2086
2015Yates v. United States574 U.S. 528 (2015)
2015Gelboim v. Bank of Am. Corp.574 U.S. 405 (2015)
2014Dart Cherokee Basin Operating Co., Llc v. Owens574 U.S. 81 (2014)
2014Nautilus, Inc. v. Biosig Instruments, Inc572 U.S. 898 (2014)763
2014Wood v. Moss572 U.S. 744 (2014)542
2014Petrella v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc.572 U.S. 663 (2014)433
2014EPA v. Eme Homer City Generation572 U.S. 489 (2014)
2014Lawson v. Fmr Llc571 U.S. 429 (2014)144
2014Daimlerchrysler Ag v. Bauman571 U.S. 117 (2014)4713
2013Sprint Communications, Inc. v. Jacobs571 U.S. 69 (2013)
2013United States, Petitioner v. Anthony Davila569 U.S. 597 (2013)301
2013Greg McQuiggin, Warden, Petitioner v. Floyd Perkins569 U.S. 383 (2013)3838
2013Linda Metrish, Warden, Petitioner v. Burt Lancaster569 U.S. 351 (2013)398
2013Dan’s City Used Cars, Inc., Dba Dan’s City Auto Body, Petitioner v. Robert Pelkey569 U.S. 251 (2013)205
2013Steven Alan Levin, Petitioner v. United States et al.568 U.S. 503 (2013)160
2013Amgen Inc., et al., Petitioners v. Connecticut Retirement Plans and Trust Funds568 U.S. 455 (2013)1424
2013Kathleen Sebelius, Secretary of Health and Human Services, Petitioner v. Auburn Regional Medical Center et al.568 U.S. 145 (2013)544
2013Los Angeles County Flood Control District Petitioner v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., et al.568 U.S. 78 (2013)
2012Arkansas Game and Fish Commission, Petitioner v. United States568 U.S. 23 (2012)337
2012Michael J. Astrue, Commissioner of Social Security, Petitioner v. Karen K. Capato, on Behalf of B. N. C., et al.566 U.S. 541 (2012)
2012Patrick Wood, Petitioner v. Kevin Milyard, Warden, et al.566 U.S. 463 (2012)549
2012Panagis Vartelas, Petitioner v. Eric H. Holder, Jr., Attorney General566 U.S. 257 (2012)228
2012Cory R. Maples, Petitioner v. Kim T. Thomas, Commissioner, Alabama Department of Corrections565 U.S. 266 (2012)724
2012Lawrence Golan, et al. v. Eric H. Holder, Jr., Attorney General, et al.565 U.S. 302 (2012)
2012Marcus D. Mims, Petitioner v. Arrow Financial Services, Llc565 U.S. 368 (2012)
2012Barion Perry v. New Hampshire565 U.S. 228 (2012)
2011Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S.a., et al., Petitioners v. Edgar D. Brown, et Ux., Co-Administrators of the Estate of Julian David Brown, et al.564 U.S. 915 (2011)4319
2011Donald Bullcoming, Petitioner v. New Mexico564 U.S. 647 (2011)
2011Csx Transportation, Inc., Petitioner v. Robert McBride564 U.S. 685 (2011)
2011American Electric Power Company, Inc., et al., Petitioners v. Connecticut et al564 U.S. 410 (2011)
2011Astra USA, Inc., et al., Petitioners v. Santa Clara County, California563 U.S. 110 (2011)188
2011Henry W. Skinner, Petitioner v. Lynn Switzer, District Attorney for the 31st Judicial District of Texas562 U.S. 521 (2011)
2011James Walker, Warden, et al., Petitioners v. Charles W. Martin562 U.S. 307 (2011)567
2011Michelle Oritz, Petitioner v. Paula Jordan et al.562 U.S. 180 (2011)549
2010Kevin Abbott, Petitioner v. United States562 U.S. 8 (2010)364
2010Christian Legal Society Chapter of the University of California, Hastings College of the Law, Aka Hastings Christian Fellowship v. Leo P. Martinez et al.561 U.S. 661 (2010)247
2010Conrad M. Black, John a. Boultbee, and Mark S. Kipnis v. United States561 U.S. 465 (2010)
2010Jeffrey K. Skilling v. United States561 U.S. 358 (2010)
2010Richard a. Levin, Tax Commissioner of Ohio v. Commerce Energy, Inc., et al.560 U.S. 413 (2010)
2010Mary Berghuis, Warden v. Diapolis Smith559 U.S. 314 (2010)194
2010Florida v. Kevin Dewayne Powell559 U.S. 50 (2010)253
2010Agron Kucana v. Eric H. Holder, Jr., Attorney General558 U.S. 233 (2010)858
2010Nrg Power Marketing, Llc, et al. v. Maine Public Utilities Commission et al.558 U.S. 165 (2010)
2009Union Pacific Railroad Company v. Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen General Committee of Adjustment, Central Region558 U.S. 67 (2009)364
2009David Bobby, Warden v. Michael Bies556 U.S. 825 (2009)222
2009Michael Rivera v. Illinois556 U.S. 148 (2009)377
2009Vermont v. Michael Brillon556 U.S. 81 (2009)559
2009Betty E. Vaden v. Discover Bank et al.556 U.S. 49 (2009)1112
2009United States v. Randy Edward Hayes555 U.S. 415 (2009)322
2009Arizona v. Lemon Montrea Johnson555 U.S. 323 (2009)1709
2009Oregon v. Thomas Eugene Ice555 U.S. 160 (2009)683
2008Greenlaw v. United States554 U.S. 237 (2008)1032
2008Taylor v. Sturgell553 U.S. 880 (2008)2529
2008Bob Riley, Governor of Alabama v. Yvonne Kennedy et al553 U.S. 406 (2008)102
2008Keith Lavon Burgess v. United States553 U.S. 124 (2008)267
2008State of New Jersey v. State of Delaware552 U.S. 597 (2008)
2008Arnold M. Preston v. Alex E. Ferrer552 U.S. 346 (2008)504
2007Derrick Kimbrough v. United States552 U.S. 85 (2007)3379
2007James D. Logan v. United States552 U.S. 23 (2007)164
2007Tellabs, Inc., et al. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd., et al.551 U.S. 308 (2007)6044
2007Michael W. Sole, Secretary, Florida Department of Environmental Protection, et al. v. T. a. Wyner, et al.551 U.S. 74 (2007)211
2007Microsoft Corporation v. At&t Corp.550 U.S. 437 (2007)214
2007Linda a. Watters, Commissioner, Michigan Office of Insurance and Financial Services v. Wachovia Bank, N. a., et al.550 U.S. 1 (2007)1890
2007Sinochem International Co., Ltd. v. Malaysia International Shipping Corporation549 U.S. 422 (2007)1961
2007John Cunningham v. California549 U.S. 270 (2007)1474
2007Pat Osborn v. Barry Haley, et al.549 U.S. 225 (2007)582
2006Empire Healthchoice Assurance, Inc., Dba Empire Blue Cross Blue Shield v. Denise F. McVeigh, as Administratrix of the Estate of Joseph E. McVeigh547 U.S. 677 (2006)1235
2006Howard Delivery Service, Inc., et al. v. Zurich American Insurance Co.547 U.S. 651 (2006)194
2006Vickie Lynn Marshall v. E. Pierce Marshall547 U.S. 293 (2006)695
2006Patrick Day v. James R. McDonough, Interim Secretary, Florida Department of Corrections547 U.S. 198 (2006)1511
2006Jenifer Arbaugh v. Y & H Corporation, Dba the Moonlight Cafe546 U.S. 500 (2006)6493
2006Wachovia Bank, National Association v. Daniel G. Schmidt, III, et al.546 U.S. 303 (2006)636
2006Volvo Trucks North America, Inc. v. Reeder-Simco Gmc, Inc.546 U.S. 164 (2006)
2005Lincoln Property Company, et al. v. Christophe Roche, et Ux.546 U.S. 81 (2005)1211
2005Deneice a. Mayle, Warden v. Jacoby Lee Felix545 U.S. 644 (2005)1942
2005Antonio Dwayne Halbert v. Michigan545 U.S. 605 (2005)472
2005Jon B. Cutter, et al. v. Reginald Wilkinson, Director, Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction, et al.544 U.S. 709 (2005)1462
2005Exxon Mobil Corporation, Exxon Chemical Arabia, Inc., and Mobil Yanbu Petrochemical Company, Inc. v. Saudi Basic Industries Corporation544 U.S. 280 (2005)4974
2005City of Sherrill, New York v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York, et al.544 U.S. 197 (2005)236
2005Claude M. Ballard, et Ux. v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue544 U.S. 40 (2005)
2004Koons Buick Pontiac Gmc, Inc. v. Bradley Nigh543 U.S. 50 (2004)243
2004Intel Corporation v. Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.542 U.S. 241 (2004)433
2004Pennsylvania State Police v. Nancy Drew Suders542 U.S. 129 (2004)1256
2004J. Elliott Hibbs, Director, Arizona Department of Revenue v. Kathleen M. Winn et al.542 U.S. 88 (2004)703
2004Randall C. Scarborough v. Anthony J. Principi, Secretary of Veterans Affairs541 U.S. 401 (2004)692
2004Iowa v. Felipe Edgardo Tovar541 U.S. 77 (2004)747
2004Raymond B. Yates, M.d., P.c. Profit Sharing Plan, and Raymond B. Yates, Trustee v. William T. Hendon, Trustee541 U.S. 1 (2004)171
2004Delma Banks, Jr. v. Doug Dretke, Director, Texas Department of Criminal Justice, Correctional Institutions Division540 U.S. 668 (2004)1098
2004Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation v. Environmental Protection Agency et al.540 U.S. 461 (2004)538
2004Andrew J. Kontrick v. Robert a. Ryan540 U.S. 443 (2004)1543
2003Inyo County, California, et al. v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community of the Bishop Colony et al.538 U.S. 701 (2003)123
2003Illinois Ex Rel. Lisa Madigan, Attorney General of Illinois v. Telemarketing Associates, Inc., et al.538 U.S. 600 (2003)125
2003Norfolk & Western Railway Company v. Freeman Ayers et al.538 U.S. 135 (2003)204
2003Erick Cornell Clay v. United States537 U.S. 522 (2003)1159
2003United States v. Navajo Nation537 U.S. 488 (2003)199
2003Eric Eldred, et al. v. John D. Ashcroft, Attorney General537 U.S. 186 (2003)226
2002Timothy Stuart Ring v. Arizona536 U.S. 584 (2002)4683
2002City of Columbus, et al. v. Ours Garage and Wrecker Service, Inc., et al.536 U.S. 424 (2002)272
2002Franconia Associates, et al. v. United States536 U.S. 129 (2002)273
2002Gary E. Gisbrecht, Barbara a. Miller, and Nancy Sandine v. Jo Anne B. Barnhart, Commissioner of Social Security535 U.S. 789 (2002)4551
2002Alabama v. Lereed Shelton535 U.S. 654 (2002)330
2002Correction Officer Porter, et al. v. Ronald Nussle534 U.S. 516 (2002)4960
2002Wisconsin Department of Health and Family Services v. Irene Blumer534 U.S. 473 (2002)177
2002Remon Lee v. Mike Kemna, Superintendent, Crossroads Correctional Center534 U.S. 362 (2002)511
2001Trw Inc. v. Adelaide Andrews534 U.S. 19 (2001)1407
2001New York Times Company, Inc., et al. v. Jonathan Tasini, et al.533 U.S. 483 (2001)118
2001Dale G. Becker v. Betty Montgomery, Attorney General of Ohio, et al.532 U.S. 757 (2001)592
2001State of New Hampshire v. State of Maine532 U.S. 742 (2001)3343
2001C & L Enterprises, Inc. v. Citizen Band Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma532 U.S. 411 (2001)262
2001United States v. Cleveland Indians Baseball Company532 U.S. 200 (2001)248
2001Wesley Aaron Shafer, Jr. v. South Carolina532 U.S. 36 (2001)174
2001City News and Novelty, Inc. v. City of Waukesha531 U.S. 278 (2001)170
2001Christopher a. Lopez v. Randy J. Davis, Warden, et al.531 U.S. 230 (2001)532
2000Carl W. Cleveland v. United States531 U.S. 12 (2000)390
2000State of Arizona v. State of California, et al.530 U.S. 392 (2000)633
2000Dewey J. Jones v. United States529 U.S. 848 (2000)504
2000Donald E. Nelson v. Adams, USA, Inc., et al.529 U.S. 460 (2000)263
2000Florida v. J. L.529 U.S. 266 (2000)1350
2000Chad Weisgram, et al. v. Marley Company, et al.528 U.S. 440 (2000)353
2000United States v. Abel Martinez-Salazar528 U.S. 304 (2000)746
2000Friends of the Earth, Incorporated, et al. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services (toc), Inc.528 U.S. 167 (2000)6373
1999Rohn F. Drye, Jr., et al. v. United States528 U.S. 49 (1999)258
1999Tommy Olmstead, Commissioner, Georgia Department of Human Resources, et al. v. L. C., by Jonathan Zimring, Guardian Ad Litem and Next Friend, et al.527 U.S. 581 (1999)721
1999Jefferson County, Alabama v. William M. Acker, Jr., Senior Judge, United States District Court, Northern District of Alabama, and U. W. Clemon, Judge, United States District Court, Northern District of Alabama527 U.S. 423 (1999)428
1999Ruhrgas Ag v. Marathon Oil Company et al.526 U.S. 574 (1999)3295
1999Unum Life Insurance Company of America v. John E. Ward526 U.S. 358 (1999)282
1999Murphy Brothers, Inc. v. Michetti Pipe Stringing, Inc.526 U.S. 344 (1999)2082
1999National Collegiate Athletic Association v. R. M. Smith525 U.S. 459 (1999)216
1999Humana Inc., et al. v. Mary Forsyth et al.525 U.S. 299 (1999)262
1999Victoria Buckley, Secretary of State of Colorado v. American Constitutional Law Foundation, Inc., et al.525 U.S. 182 (1999)528
1998United States v. Vickie S. Cabrales524 U.S. 1 (1998)270
1998Air Line Pilots Association v. Robert a. Miller, et al.523 U.S. 866 (1998)143
1998Montana, et al. v. Crow Tribe of Indians et al.523 U.S. 696 (1998)
1998United States v. United States Shoe Corporation523 U.S. 360 (1998)132
1998Margaret Kawaauhau, et Vir v. Paul W. Geiger523 U.S. 57 (1998)2007
1998Mary Anna Rivet, et al. v. Regions Bank of Louisiana et al.522 U.S. 470 (1998)895
1998Regions Hospital v. Donna E. Shalala, Secretary of Health and Human Services522 U.S. 448 (1998)200
1998Kenneth Lee Baker and Steven Robert Baker, by His Next Friend, Melissa Thomas v. General Motors Corporation522 U.S. 222 (1998)516
1997Bay Area Laundry and Dry Cleaning Pension Trust Fund v. Ferbar Corporation of California, Inc., and Stephen Barnes522 U.S. 192 (1997)534
1997Melvin Jefferson, Individually and as Administrator of the Estate of Alberta K. Jefferson, Deceased, et al. v. City of Tarrant, Alabama522 U.S. 75 (1997)
1997Garrit Bates v. United States522 U.S. 23 (1997)321
1997United States v. James Herman O'Hagan521 U.S. 642 (1997)478
1997Amchem Products, Inc., et al. v. George Windsor et al.521 U.S. 591 (1997)4991
1997Associates Commercial Corporation v. Elray Rash et Ux.520 U.S. 953 (1997)471
1997William Strate, Associate Tribal Judge, Tribal Court of the Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, et al. v. A-1 Contractors and Lyle Stockert520 U.S. 438 (1997)380
1997Walker L. Chandler, et al. v. Zell D. Miller, Governor of Georgia, et al.520 U.S. 305 (1997)524
1997Arizonans for Official English and Robert D. Park v. Arizona et al.520 U.S. 43 (1997)2323
1997Bruce Babbitt, Secretary of the Interior, et al. v. Marvin K. Youpee, Sr., et al.519 U.S. 234 (1997)
1996M. L. B. v. S. L. J., Individually and as Next Friend of the Minor Children, S. L. J. and M. L. J., et Ux.519 U.S. 102 (1996)
1996Caterpillar Inc. v. James David Lewis519 U.S. 61 (1996)2132
1996United States v. Virginia et al.518 U.S. 515 (1996)930
1996William Gasperini v. Center for Humanities, Inc.518 U.S. 415 (1996)1834
1996Doctor'S Associates, Inc. and Nick Lombardi v. Paul Casarotto et Ux.517 U.S. 681 (1996)1668
1996Lloyd Henderson v. United States517 U.S. 654 (1996)576
1996Holly Farms Corporation et al. v. National Labor Relations Labor Board et al.517 U.S. 392 (1996)204
1996Bank One Chicago, N. a. v. Midwest Bank & Trust Company516 U.S. 264 (1996)
1996Yamaha Motor Corporation, U. S. a., et al. v. Lucien B. Calhoun, et al., Individually and as Administrators of the Estate of Calhoun, Deceased516 U.S. 199 (1996)570
1995Carl Thompson v. Patrick Keohane, Warden, et al.516 U.S. 99 (1995)1729
1995Oklahoma Tax Commission v. Chickasaw Nation515 U.S. 450 (1995)213
1995Katia Gutierrez De Martinez, Eduardo Martinez Puccini and Henny Martinez De Papaiani v. Dirk a. Lamagno et al.515 U.S. 417 (1995)571
1995Harvey F. Garlotte v. Kirk Fordice, Governor of Mississippi515 U.S. 39 (1995)236
1995City of Edmonds v. Oxford House, Inc., et al.514 U.S. 725 (1995)227
1995United States v. Lori Rabin Williams514 U.S. 527 (1995)330
1995Tom Swint, et al. v. Chambers County Commission, et al.514 U.S. 35 (1995)1403
1995Nationsbank of North Carolina, N. a., et al. v. Variable Annuity Life Insurance Co. et al.513 U.S. 251 (1995)365
1995American Airlines, Inc. v. Myron Wolens et al.513 U.S. 219 (1995)725
1994Albert Hess and Charles F. Walsh v. Port Authority Trans-Hudson Corporation513 U.S. 30 (1994)723
1994Orrin S. Reed v. Robert Farley, Superintendent, Indiana State Prison, et al.512 U.S. 339 (1994)803
1994Barclays Bank Plc v. Franchise Tax Board of California512 U.S. 298 (1994)135
1994Silvia S. Ibanez v. Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation, Board of Accountancy512 U.S. 136 (1994)184
1994Kitrich Powell v. Nevada511 U.S. 79 (1994)190
1994United States v. Ralph Stuart Granderson, Jr.511 U.S. 39 (1994)311
1994Charles K. Elder v. R. D. Holloway et al.510 U.S. 510 (1994)787
1994Northwest Airlines, Inc., et al. v. County of Kent, Michigan, et al.510 U.S. 355 (1994)213
1994Waldemar Ratzlaf and Loretta Ratzlaf v. United States510 U.S. 135 (1994)1218
1993John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company v. Harris Trust and Savings Bank, as Trustee of the Sperry Master Retirement Trust No. 2510 U.S. 86 (1993)257

Opinions of the Court only: the Court’s slip-opinion tables don’t list dissents or concurrences separately. Earlier opinions arrive with the bound-volume ingest. Browse all Supreme Court opinions.

Questions & answers

Who appointed Ruth Bader Ginsburg?
President William J. Clinton appointed Ruth Bader Ginsburg to the Supreme Court of the United States in 1993.
Was Ruth Bader Ginsburg appointed by a Democrat or a Republican?
Ruth Bader Ginsburg was appointed by President William J. Clinton, a Democrat. JudicialFinder records the appointing president's party, not a judge's own politics.
What was Ruth Bader Ginsburg's confirmation vote?
The Senate confirmed Ruth Bader Ginsburg 96–3 on August 3, 1993.
Which court was Ruth Bader Ginsburg on?
Ruth Bader Ginsburg was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

Sources

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27 years on the Supreme Court of the United States. Data as of 2026-08-10. Informational only; verify against the primary source before relying. Not a consumer report (FCRA).