TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez

Decided June 25, 2021. Brett M. Kavanaugh delivered the opinion of the Court.

Docket 20-297 · 594 U.S. 413 (2021) · Cited 3,213 times

Holding

Only a plaintiff concretely harmed by a defendant’s violation of the Fair Credit Reporting Act has Article III standing to seek damages against that private defendant in federal court.

The Court’s statement of the holding, from the opinion’s syllabus. The syllabus is prepared by the Reporter of Decisions and is not part of the opinion of the Court. Read the official opinion for authority.

How the Justices voted

Decided 5–4.

“Concurring” means agreeing with the outcome; any split shown is the Court’s judgment, not each Justice’s reasoning. The lineup is the syllabus’s disposition of who wrote and joined each opinion. Source: the opinion’s syllabus (supremecourt.gov).

Precedents cited

Supreme Court decisions this opinion relies on, ordered by how often it cites each. Cases in our collection link through; others are named.

• Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife · 504 U.S. 555 (1992)
• Warth v. Seldin · 422 U.S. 490 (1975)
• Summers v. Earth Island Institute · 555 U.S. 488 (2009)
• Raines v. Byrd · 521 U.S. 811 (1997)
• Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services (TOC), Inc. · 528 U.S. 167 (2000)
• Allen v. Wright · 468 U.S. 737 (1984)
• Simon v. Eastern Kentucky Welfare Rights Organization · 426 U.S. 26 (1976)
• Clapper v. Amnesty International USA · 568 U.S. 398 (2013)
• Davis v. Federal Election Commission · 554 U.S. 724 (2008)
• Public Citizen v. United States Department of Justice · 491 U.S. 440 (1989)
• Cohens v. Virginia · 19 U.S. 264 (1821)
• Linda R. S. v. Richard D. · 410 U.S. 614 (1973)
• Havens Realty Corp. v. Coleman · 455 U.S. 363 (1982)
• Immigration & Naturalization Service v. Chadha · 462 U.S. 919 (1983)
• Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. · 497 U.S. 1 (1990)
• Federal Election Commission v. Akins · 524 U.S. 11 (1998)
• Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Environment · 523 U.S. 83 (1998)
• Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States · 424 U.S. 800 (1976)
• Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner · 387 U.S. 136 (1967)
• City of Los Angeles v. Lyons · 461 U.S. 95 (1983)
• Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc. · 418 U.S. 323 (1974)
• Association of Data Processing Service Organizations, Inc. v. Camp · 397 U.S. 150 (1970)
• Whitmore Ex Rel. Simmons v. Arkansas · 495 U.S. 149 (1990)
• Schlesinger v. Reservists Committee to Stop the War · 418 U.S. 208 (1974)
• United States v. Detroit Timber & Lumber Co. · 200 U.S. 321 (1906)
• Palazzolo v. Rhode Island · 533 U.S. 606 (2001)
• Muskrat v. United States · 219 U.S. 346 (1911)
• Pleasant Grove City v. Summum · 555 U.S. 460 (2009)
• Sprint Communications Co. v. APCC Services, Inc. · 554 U.S. 269 (2008)
• Asarco Inc. v. Kadish · 490 U.S. 605 (1989)

Cited by

Later Supreme Court opinions in our collection that cite this case.

• Murthy v. Missouri · 603 U.S. 43 (2024)
• Diamond Alternative Energy, LLC v. EPA · 606 U.S. 100 (2025)
• Acheson Hotels, LLC v. Laufer · 601 U.S. 1 (2023)
• Trump v. United States · 603 U.S. 593 (2024)
• Monsalvo Velazquez v. Bondi · 604 U.S. 712 (2025)

Official text

Read the official opinion (PDF, supremecourt.gov)

Explore from here

Brett M. Kavanaugh’s profile · All Supreme Court opinions · The Supreme Court

Source: Supreme Court of the United States, slip opinions (2021). Citation count from the Free Law Project’s CourtListener bulk data. Data last verified 2026-08-15. Informational only; verify against the primary source before relying. Not a consumer report (FCRA).