Frederick D. Raines, Director, Office of Management and Budget, et al. v. Robert C. Byrd et al.

Decided June 26, 1997. William Hubbs Rehnquist delivered the opinion of the Court.

Docket 96-1671 · 521 U.S. 811 (1997) · Cited 1,682 times

We don’t yet publish a summary of this opinion — read the official text below for the Court’s holding and reasoning.

How the Justices voted

Decided 7–2.

“Concurring” means agreeing with the outcome; any split shown is the Court’s judgment, not each Justice’s reasoning. Source: the Supreme Court Database (Spaeth et al.), Washington University.

Precedents cited

Supreme Court decisions this opinion relies on, ordered by how often it cites each. Cases in our collection link through; others are named.

• Coleman v. Miller · 307 U.S. 433 (1939)
• Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church and State, Inc. · 454 U.S. 464 (1982)
• Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife · 504 U.S. 555 (1992)
• Allen v. Wright · 468 U.S. 737 (1984)
• Bender v. Williamsport Area School District · 475 U.S. 534 (1986)
• Myers v. United States · 272 U.S. 52 (1926)
• United States v. Richardson · 418 U.S. 166 (1974)
• Simon v. Eastern Kentucky Welfare Rights Organization · 426 U.S. 26 (1976)
• Powell v. McCormack · 395 U.S. 486 (1969)
• Chicago & Grand Trunk Railway Co. v. Wellman · 143 U.S. 339 (1892)
• Bennett v. Spear · 520 U.S. 154 (1997)
• Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath · 341 U.S. 123 (1951)
• Schlesinger v. Reservists Committee to Stop the War · 418 U.S. 208 (1974)
• Warth v. Seldin · 422 U.S. 490 (1975)
• Baker v. Carr · 369 U.S. 186 (1962)
• Buckley v. Valeo · 424 U.S. 1 (1976)
• Flast v. Cohen · 392 U.S. 83 (1968)
• Immigration & Naturalization Service v. Chadha · 462 U.S. 919 (1983)
• Gladstone, Realtors v. Village of Bellwood · 441 U.S. 91 (1979)
• Northeastern Florida Chapter of the Associated General Contractors of America v. City of Jacksonville · 508 U.S. 656 (1993)
• Diamond v. Charles · 476 U.S. 54 (1986)
• Muskrat v. United States · 219 U.S. 346 (1911)
• Board of Ed. of Central School Dist. No. 1 v. Allen · 392 U.S. 236 (1968)
• Will v. Calvert Fire Insurance · 437 U.S. 655 (1978)
• McGrain v. Daugherty · 273 U.S. 135 (1927)
• Blodgett v. Silberman · 277 U.S. 1 (1928)
• The Pocket Veto Case · 279 U.S. 655 (1929)
• Fairchild v. Hughes · 258 U.S. 126 (1922)
• United States v. Munoz-Flores · 495 U.S. 385 (1990)
• Train v. City of New York · 420 U.S. 35 (1975)

Cited by

Later Supreme Court opinions in our collection that cite this case.

• Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Comm'n · 576 U.S. 787 (2015)
• Sprint Communications Co. v. APCC Services, Inc. · 554 U.S. 269 (2008)
• United States v. Windsor · 570 U.S. 744 (2013)
• Virginia House of Delegates v. Bethune-Hill · 587 U.S. 658 (2019)
• United States v. Texas · 599 U.S. 670 (2023)
• Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins · 578 U.S. 330 (2016)
• Clinton v. City of New York · 524 U.S. 417 (1998)
• Clapper v. Amnesty International USA · 568 U.S. 398 (2013)
• TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez · 594 U.S. 413 (2021)
• Hollingsworth v. Perry · 570 U.S. 693 (2013)
• Campbell-Ewald Co. v. Gomez · 577 U.S. 153 (2016)
• Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation, Inc. · 551 U.S. 587 (2007)
• Thole v. U. S. Bank N. A. · 590 U.S. 538 (2020)
• Murthy v. Missouri · 603 U.S. 43 (2024)
• Nevada Commission on Ethics v. Carrigan · 564 U.S. 117 (2011)
• DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno · 547 U.S. 332 (2006)
• Federal Election Commission v. Akins · 524 U.S. 11 (1998)
• McConnell v. Federal Election Commission · 540 U.S. 93 (2003)
• Hamdan v. Rumsfeld · 548 U.S. 557 (2006)
• FDA v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine · 602 U.S. 367 (2024)
• Consumer Financial Protection Bureau v. Community Financial Services Assn. of America, Ltd. · 601 U.S. 416 (2024)
• Whole Woman's Health v. Jackson · 595 U.S. 30 (2021)

Official text

Read the official opinion (U.S. Reports, govinfo.gov)

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Source: the U.S. Reports via govinfo.gov; authoring Justice and vote lineup from the Supreme Court Database (Washington University). Citation count from the Free Law Project’s CourtListener bulk data. Data last verified 2026-07-03. Informational only; verify against the primary source before relying. Not a consumer report (FCRA).