Christine Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools and William Prescott.

Decided February 26, 1992. Byron Raymond White delivered the opinion of the Court.

Docket 90-918 · 503 U.S. 60 (1992) · Cited 1,134 times

Holding

A damages remedy is available for an action brought to enforce Title IX.

The Court’s statement of the holding, from the opinion’s syllabus. The syllabus is prepared by the Reporter of Decisions and is not part of the opinion of the Court — read the official opinion for authority.

How the Justices voted

Decided 9–0.

“Concurring” means agreeing with the outcome; any split shown is the Court’s judgment, not each Justice’s reasoning. Source: the Supreme Court Database (Spaeth et al.), Washington University.

Precedents cited

Supreme Court decisions this opinion relies on, ordered by how often it cites each. Cases in our collection link through; others are named.

• Cannon v. University of Chicago · 441 U.S. 677 (1979)
• Bell v. Hood · 327 U.S. 678 (1946)
• Davis v. Passman · 442 U.S. 228 (1979)
• J. I. Case Co. v. Borak · 377 U.S. 426 (1964)
• Guardians Assn. v. Civil Serv. Comm'n of New York City · 463 U.S. 582 (1983)
• Consolidated Rail Corporation v. Darrone · 465 U.S. 624 (1984)
• Touche Ross & Co. v. Redington · 442 U.S. 560 (1979)
• Sullivan v. Little Hunting Park, Inc. · 396 U.S. 229 (1969)
• Pennhurst State School and Hospital v. Halderman · 451 U.S. 1 (1981)
• Transamerica Mortgage Advisors, Inc. v. Lewis · 444 U.S. 11 (1979)
• Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc. v. Curran · 456 U.S. 353 (1982)
• Thompson v. Thompson · 484 U.S. 174 (1988)
• Texas & Pacific Railway Co. v. Rigsby · 241 U.S. 33 (1916)
• Deckert v. Independence Shares Corp. · 311 U.S. 282 (1940)
• Wyandotte Transportation Co. v. United States · 389 U.S. 191 (1967)
• Meritor Savings Bank, FSB v. Vinson · 477 U.S. 57 (1986)
• Carey v. Piphus · 435 U.S. 247 (1978)
• Cort v. Ash · 422 U.S. 66 (1975)
• Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance v. Russell · 473 U.S. 134 (1985)
• Brown v. General Services Administration · 425 U.S. 820 (1976)
• Bush v. Lucas · 462 U.S. 367 (1983)
• Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. · 392 U.S. 409 (1968)
• Superintendent of Insurance of New York v. Bankers Life & Casualty Co. · 404 U.S. 6 (1971)
• Allen v. State Board of Elections · 393 U.S. 544 (1969)
• Texas Industries, Inc. v. Radcliff Materials, Inc. · 451 U.S. 630 (1981)
• Northwest Airlines, Inc. v. Transport Workers Union · 451 U.S. 77 (1981)
• California v. Sierra Club · 451 U.S. 287 (1981)
• Virginia Bankshares, Inc. v. Sandberg · 501 U.S. 1083 (1991)
• City of Milwaukee v. Illinois · 451 U.S. 304 (1981)
• Texas & NOR Co. v. Brotherhood of Ry. & Steamship Clerks · 281 U.S. 548 (1930)

Cited by

Later Supreme Court opinions in our collection that cite this case.

• Gebser v. Lago Vista Independent School District · 524 U.S. 274 (1998)
• Lane v. Pena · 518 U.S. 187 (1996)
• Davis Ex Rel. LaShonda D. v. Monroe County Board of Education · 526 U.S. 629 (1999)
• Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education · 544 U.S. 167 (2005)
• Barnes v. Gorman · 536 U.S. 181 (2002)
• Cummings v. Premier Rehab Keller · 596 U.S. 212 (2022)
• Alexander v. Sandoval · 532 U.S. 275 (2001)
• Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee · 555 U.S. 246 (2009)
• Landgraf v. USI Film Products · 511 U.S. 244 (1994)
• Musick, Peeler & Garrett v. Employers Ins. of Wausau · 508 U.S. 286 (1993)
• Olmstead v. L.C. · 527 U.S. 581 (1999)
• National Collegiate Athletic Assn. v. Smith · 525 U.S. 459 (1999)
• Medina v. Planned Parenthood South Atlantic · 606 U.S. 357 (2025)

Official text

Read the official opinion (U.S. Reports, govinfo.gov)

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Source: Supreme Court of the United States, slip opinions (1992). Citation count from the Free Law Project’s CourtListener bulk data. Data last verified 2026-07-03. Informational only; verify against the primary source before relying. Not a consumer report (FCRA).