United States v. Hays et al.

Decided June 29, 1995. Sandra Day O'Connor delivered the opinion of the Court.

Docket 94-558 · 515 U.S. 737 (1995) · Cited 870 times

We don’t yet publish a summary of this opinion — read the official text below for the Court’s holding and reasoning.

How the Justices voted

Decided 9–0.

“Concurring” means agreeing with the outcome; any split shown is the Court’s judgment, not each Justice’s reasoning. Source: the Supreme Court Database (Spaeth et al.), Washington University.

Precedents cited

Supreme Court decisions this opinion relies on, ordered by how often it cites each. Cases in our collection link through; others are named.

• Shaw v. Reno · 509 U.S. 630 (1993)
• Davis v. Bandemer · 478 U.S. 109 (1986)
• Allen v. Wright · 468 U.S. 737 (1984)
• Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church and State, Inc. · 454 U.S. 464 (1982)
• Powers v. Ohio · 499 U.S. 400 (1991)
• Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife · 504 U.S. 555 (1992)
• FW/PBS, Inc. v. City of Dallas · 493 U.S. 215 (1990)
• Warth v. Seldin · 422 U.S. 490 (1975)
• McNutt v. General Motors Acceptance Corp. · 298 U.S. 178 (1936)
• Brown v. Board of Education · 347 U.S. 483 (1954)
• Gladstone, Realtors v. Village of Bellwood · 441 U.S. 91 (1979)
• Schlesinger v. Reservists Committee to Stop the War · 418 U.S. 208 (1974)
• Northeastern Florida Chapter of the Associated General Contractors of America v. City of Jacksonville · 508 U.S. 656 (1993)
• Gomillion v. Lightfoot · 364 U.S. 339 (1960)
• United States v. Richardson · 418 U.S. 166 (1974)
• City of Mobile v. Bolden · 446 U.S. 55 (1980)
• Heckler v. Mathews · 465 U.S. 728 (1984)
• Voinovich v. Quilter · 507 U.S. 146 (1993)

Cited by

Later Supreme Court opinions in our collection that cite this case.

• Bush v. Vera · 517 U.S. 952 (1996)
• Vieth v. Jubelirer · 541 U.S. 267 (2004)
• Alabama Legislative Black Caucus v. Alabama · 575 U.S. 254 (2015)
• Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation, Inc. · 551 U.S. 587 (2007)
• Gill v. Whitford · 585 U.S. 48 (2018)
• League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry · 548 U.S. 399 (2006)
• Lewis v. Casey · 518 U.S. 343 (1996)

Official text

Read the official opinion (U.S. Reports, govinfo.gov)

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Source: the U.S. Reports via govinfo.gov; authoring Justice and vote lineup from the Supreme Court Database (Washington University). Citation count from the Free Law Project’s CourtListener bulk data. Data last verified 2026-07-03. Informational only; verify against the primary source before relying. Not a consumer report (FCRA).