Northeastern Florida Chapter of the Associated General Contractors of America v. City of Jacksonville, Florida, et al.

Decided June 14, 1993. Clarence Thomas delivered the opinion of the Court.

Docket 91-1721 · 508 U.S. 656 (1993) · Cited 1,126 times

We don’t yet publish a summary of this opinion — read the official text below for the Court’s holding and reasoning.

How the Justices voted

Decided 7–2.

“Concurring” means agreeing with the outcome; any split shown is the Court’s judgment, not each Justice’s reasoning. Source: the Supreme Court Database (Spaeth et al.), Washington University.

Precedents cited

Supreme Court decisions this opinion relies on, ordered by how often it cites each. Cases in our collection link through; others are named.

• City of Mesquite v. Aladdin's Castle, Inc. · 455 U.S. 283 (1982)
• Warth v. Seldin · 422 U.S. 490 (1975)
• Fusari v. Steinberg · 419 U.S. 379 (1975)
• Diffenderfer v. Central Baptist Church of Miami, Florida, Inc. · 404 U.S. 412 (1972)
• Regents of the University of California v. Bakke · 438 U.S. 265 (1978)
• City of Richmond v. J. A. Croson Co. · 488 U.S. 469 (1989)
• Turner v. Fouche · 396 U.S. 346 (1970)
• Clements v. Fashing · 457 U.S. 957 (1982)
• Asarco Inc. v. Kadish · 490 U.S. 605 (1989)
• Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife · 504 U.S. 555 (1992)
• Allen v. Wright · 468 U.S. 737 (1984)
• Allee v. Medrano · 416 U.S. 802 (1974)
• Burke v. Barnes · 479 U.S. 361 (1987)
• Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church and State, Inc. · 454 U.S. 464 (1982)
• Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission · 432 U.S. 333 (1977)
• Simon v. Eastern Kentucky Welfare Rights Organization · 426 U.S. 26 (1976)
• United States v. W. T. Grant Co. · 345 U.S. 629 (1953)
• Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council · 505 U.S. 1003 (1992)
• United States v. Munsingwear, Inc. · 340 U.S. 36 (1950)
• Church of Scientology of California v. United States · 506 U.S. 9 (1992)
• Mills v. Green · 159 U.S. 651 (1895)
• Pennell v. City of San Jose · 485 U.S. 1 (1988)
• Kremens v. Bartley · 431 U.S. 119 (1977)
• Princeton University v. Schmid · 455 U.S. 100 (1982)

Cited by

Later Supreme Court opinions in our collection that cite this case.

• Grutter v. Bollinger · 539 U.S. 306 (2003)
• Reno v. Catholic Social Services, Inc. · 509 U.S. 43 (1993)
• Clinton v. City of New York · 524 U.S. 417 (1998)
• Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia, Inc. v. Comer · 582 U.S. 449 (2017)
• Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation, Inc. · 551 U.S. 587 (2007)
• Gratz v. Bollinger · 539 U.S. 244 (2003)
• Thole v. U. S. Bank N. A. · 590 U.S. 538 (2020)
• New York State Rifle & Pistol Assn., Inc. v. City of New York · 590 U.S. 336 (2020)
• Barr v. American Assn. of Political Consultants, Inc. · 591 U.S. 610 (2020)
• Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena · 515 U.S. 200 (1995)
• Arizonans for Official English v. Arizona · 520 U.S. 43 (1997)
• Raines v. Byrd · 521 U.S. 811 (1997)
• Already, LLC v. Nike, Inc. · 568 U.S. 85 (2013)
• United States v. Hays · 515 U.S. 737 (1995)
• United Food & Commercial Workers Union Local 751 v. Brown Group, Inc. · 517 U.S. 544 (1996)
• Miller v. Johnson · 515 U.S. 900 (1995)
• Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 · 551 U.S. 701 (2007)
• Haaland v. Brackeen · 599 U.S. 255 (2023)
• Texas v. Lesage · 528 U.S. 18 (1999)

Official text

Read the official opinion (U.S. Reports, govinfo.gov)

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Source: the U.S. Reports via govinfo.gov; authoring Justice and vote lineup from the Supreme Court Database (Washington University). Citation count from the Free Law Project’s CourtListener bulk data. Data last verified 2026-07-03. Informational only; verify against the primary source before relying. Not a consumer report (FCRA).