Zell Miller, et al. v. Davida Johnson et al.

Decided June 29, 1995. Anthony McLeod Kennedy delivered the opinion of the Court.

Docket 94-631 · 515 U.S. 900 (1995) · Cited 626 times

Holding

Georgia's congressional redistricting plan violates the Equal Protection Clause.

The Court’s statement of the holding, from the opinion’s syllabus. The syllabus is prepared by the Reporter of Decisions and is not part of the opinion of the Court — read the official opinion for authority.

How the Justices voted

Decided 5–4.

“Concurring” means agreeing with the outcome; any split shown is the Court’s judgment, not each Justice’s reasoning. Source: the Supreme Court Database (Spaeth et al.), Washington University.

Precedents cited

Supreme Court decisions this opinion relies on, ordered by how often it cites each. Cases in our collection link through; others are named.

• Shaw v. Reno · 509 U.S. 630 (1993)
• Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp. · 429 U.S. 252 (1977)
• South Carolina v. Katzenbach · 383 U.S. 301 (1966)
• United Jewish Organizations of Williamsburgh, Inc. v. Carey · 430 U.S. 144 (1977)
• Beer v. United States · 425 U.S. 130 (1976)
• City of Richmond v. J. A. Croson Co. · 488 U.S. 469 (1989)
• Regents of the University of California v. Bakke · 438 U.S. 265 (1978)
• Gomillion v. Lightfoot · 364 U.S. 339 (1960)
• Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission · 497 U.S. 547 (1990)
• Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education · 476 U.S. 267 (1986)
• Brown v. Board of Education · 347 U.S. 483 (1954)
• White v. Regester · 412 U.S. 755 (1973)
• WRIGHT Et Al. v. ROCKEFELLER, GOVERNOR OF NEW YORK, Et Al. · 376 U.S. 52 (1964)
• Yick Wo v. Hopkins · 118 U.S. 356 (1886)
• Reynolds v. Sims · 377 U.S. 533 (1964)
• Powers v. Ohio · 499 U.S. 400 (1991)
• Thornburg v. Gingles · 478 U.S. 30 (1986)
• Edward J. DeBartolo Corp. v. Florida Gulf Coast Building & Construction Trades Council · 485 U.S. 568 (1988)
• City of Mobile v. Bolden · 446 U.S. 55 (1980)
• Gaffney v. Cummings · 412 U.S. 735 (1973)
• Growe v. Emison · 507 U.S. 25 (1993)
• City of Rome v. United States · 446 U.S. 156 (1980)
• Voinovich v. Quilter · 507 U.S. 146 (1993)
• Chapman v. Meier · 420 U.S. 1 (1975)
• Mayor of Baltimore City v. Dawson · 350 U.S. 877 (1955)
• Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, Administratrix of the Estate of Catrett · 477 U.S. 317 (1986)
• Baker v. Carr · 369 U.S. 186 (1962)
• Allen v. Wright · 468 U.S. 737 (1984)
• United States v. Nixon · 418 U.S. 683 (1974)
• Heller v. Doe Ex Rel. Doe · 509 U.S. 312 (1993)

Cited by

Later Supreme Court opinions in our collection that cite this case.

• Bush v. Vera · 517 U.S. 952 (1996)
• Bethune-Hill v. Virginia State Bd. of Elections · 580 U.S. 178 (2017)
• Alexander v. South Carolina State Conference of the NAACP · 602 U.S. 1 (2024)
• Cooper v. Harris · 581 U.S. 285 (2017)
• Allen v. Milligan · 599 U.S. 1 (2023)
• Hunt v. Cromartie · 526 U.S. 541 (1999)
• Abrams v. Johnson · 521 U.S. 74 (1997)
• Alabama Legislative Black Caucus v. Alabama · 575 U.S. 254 (2015)
• League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry · 548 U.S. 399 (2006)
• Reno v. Bossier Parish School Board · 528 U.S. 320 (2000)
• Rucho v. Common Cause · 588 U.S. 684 (2019)
• Georgia v. Ashcroft, Attorney General · 539 U.S. 461 (2003)
• North Carolina v. Covington · 585 U.S. 969 (2018)
• Vieth v. Jubelirer · 541 U.S. 267 (2004)
• Abbott v. Perez · 585 U.S. 579 (2018)
• Mazurek v. Armstrong · 520 U.S. 968 (1997)
• Students for Fair Admissions, Inc. v. President and Fellows of Harvard College · 600 U.S. 181 (2023)
• Bartlett v. Strickland · 556 U.S. 1 (2009)
• Kisor v. Wilkie · 588 U.S. 558 (2019)
• Northwest Austin Municipal Utility District Number One v. Holder · 557 U.S. 193 (2009)
• Reno v. Bossier Parish School Board · 520 U.S. 471 (1997)
• Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 · 551 U.S. 701 (2007)
• Morse v. Republican Party of Virginia · 517 U.S. 186 (1996)
• Ricci v. DeStefano · 557 U.S. 557 (2009)
• United States v. Morrison · 529 U.S. 598 (2000)
• Exxon Co., USA v. Sofec, Inc. · 517 U.S. 830 (1996)
• United States v. Skrmetti · 605 U.S. 495 (2025)
• Wisconsin Legislature v. Wisconsin Elections Commission · 595 U.S. 398 (2022)

Official text

Read the official opinion (U.S. Reports, govinfo.gov)

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Source: Supreme Court of the United States, slip opinions (1995). Citation count from the Free Law Project’s CourtListener bulk data. Data last verified 2026-07-03. Informational only; verify against the primary source before relying. Not a consumer report (FCRA).