National Federation of Independent Business, et al., Petitioners v. Kathleen Sebelius, Secretary of Health and Human Services, et al.

Decided June 28, 2012. John Glover Roberts Jr. delivered the opinion of the Court.

Docket 11-393 · 567 U.S. 519 (2012) · Cited 1,025 times

We don’t yet publish a summary of this opinion — read the official text below for the Court’s holding and reasoning.

How the Justices voted

Decided 5–4.

“Concurring” means agreeing with the outcome; any split shown is the Court’s judgment, not each Justice’s reasoning. Source: the Supreme Court Database (Spaeth et al.), Washington University.

Precedents cited

Supreme Court decisions this opinion relies on, ordered by how often it cites each. Cases in our collection link through; others are named.

• New York v. United States · 505 U.S. 144 (1992)
• Wickard v. Filburn · 317 U.S. 111 (1942)
• Gonzales v. Raich · 545 U.S. 1 (2005)
• Pennhurst State School and Hospital v. Halderman · 451 U.S. 1 (1981)
• United States v. Lopez · 514 U.S. 549 (1995)
• South Dakota v. Dole · 483 U.S. 203 (1987)
• Bowen v. Public Agencies Opposed to Social Security Entrapment · 477 U.S. 41 (1986)
• Printz v. United States · 521 U.S. 898 (1997)
• United States v. Butler · 297 U.S. 1 (1936)
• United States v. Morrison · 529 U.S. 598 (2000)
• College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board · 527 U.S. 666 (1999)
• Perez v. United States · 402 U.S. 146 (1971)
• Jinks v. Richland County · 538 U.S. 456 (2003)
• Gibbons v. Ogden · 22 U.S. 1 (1824)
• Alaska Airlines, Inc. v. Brock · 480 U.S. 678 (1987)
• United States v. Comstock · 560 U.S. 126 (2010)
• United States v. Reorganized CF&I Fabricators of Utah, Inc. · 518 U.S. 213 (1996)
• Hylton v. United States · 3 U.S. 171 (1796)
• National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp. · 301 U.S. 1 (1937)
• Helvering v. Davis · 301 U.S. 619 (1937)
• Hodel v. Indiana · 452 U.S. 314 (1981)
• Child Labor Tax Case · 259 U.S. 20 (1922)
• United States v. Booker · 543 U.S. 220 (2005)
• Crowell v. Benson · 285 U.S. 22 (1932)
• Department of Revenue of Mont. v. Kurth Ranch · 511 U.S. 767 (1994)
• Steward MacHine Co. v. Davis · 301 U.S. 548 (1937)
• Schweiker v. Gray Panthers · 453 U.S. 34 (1981)
• Katzenbach v. McClung · 379 U.S. 294 (1964)
• Sinking-Fund Cases · 99 U.S. 700 (1879)
• License Tax Cases · 72 U.S. 462 (1867)

Cited by

Later Supreme Court opinions in our collection that cite this case.

• California v. Texas · 593 U.S. 659 (2021)
• King v. Burwell · 576 U.S. 473 (2015)
• Moore v. United States · 602 U.S. 572 (2024)
• Shelby County v. Holder · 570 U.S. 529 (2013)
• Health and Hospital Corporation of Marion Cty. v. Talevski · 599 U.S. 166 (2023)
• Atlantic Richfield Co. v. Christian · 590 U.S. 1 (2020)
• CIC Servs., LLC v. IRS · 593 U.S. 209 (2021)
• Seila Law LLC v. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau · 591 U.S. 197 (2020)
• Johnson v. United States · 576 U.S. 591 (2015)
• Haaland v. Brackeen · 599 U.S. 255 (2023)
• Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Assn. · 584 U.S. 453 (2018)
• Ramos v. Louisiana · 590 U.S. 83 (2020)
• West Virginia v. EPA · 597 U.S. 697 (2022)
• NFIB v. OSHA · 595 U.S. 109 (2022)
• Kousisis v. United States · 605 U.S. 114 (2025)
• Medina v. Planned Parenthood South Atlantic · 606 U.S. 357 (2025)
• Moyle v. United States · 603 U.S. 324 (2024)

Official text

Read the official opinion (U.S. Reports, govinfo.gov)

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Source: the U.S. Reports via govinfo.gov; authoring Justice and vote lineup from the Supreme Court Database (Washington University). Citation count from the Free Law Project’s CourtListener bulk data. Data last verified 2026-07-03. Informational only; verify against the primary source before relying. Not a consumer report (FCRA).