United States v. Freddie J. Booker

Decided January 12, 2005. Stephen Gerald Breyer delivered the opinion of the Court.

Docket 04-104 · 543 U.S. 220 (2005) · Cited 23,210 times

We don’t yet publish a summary of this opinion — read the official text below for the Court’s holding and reasoning.

How the Justices voted

Decided 5–4.

“Concurring” means agreeing with the outcome; any split shown is the Court’s judgment, not each Justice’s reasoning. Source: the Supreme Court Database (Spaeth et al.), Washington University.

Precedents cited

Supreme Court decisions this opinion relies on, ordered by how often it cites each. Cases in our collection link through; others are named.

• Blakely v. Washington · 542 U.S. 296 (2004)
• Apprendi v. New Jersey · 530 U.S. 466 (2000)
• Mistretta v. United States · 488 U.S. 361 (1989)
• Jones v. United States · 526 U.S. 227 (1999)
• Regan v. Time, Inc. · 468 U.S. 641 (1984)
• United States v. Watts · 519 U.S. 148 (1997)
• Alaska Airlines, Inc. v. Brock · 480 U.S. 678 (1987)
• Pierce v. Underwood · 487 U.S. 552 (1988)
• Witte v. United States · 515 U.S. 389 (1995)
• Ring v. Arizona · 536 U.S. 584 (2002)
• McMillan v. Pennsylvania · 477 U.S. 79 (1986)
• United States v. National Treasury Employees Union · 513 U.S. 454 (1995)
• Almendarez-Torres v. United States · 523 U.S. 224 (1998)
• United States v. Salerno · 481 U.S. 739 (1987)
• Koon v. United States · 518 U.S. 81 (1996)
• Brockett v. Spokane Arcades, Inc. · 472 U.S. 491 (1985)
• Sloan v. Lemon · 413 U.S. 825 (1973)
• Tennessee v. Garner · 471 U.S. 1 (1985)
• Griffith v. Kentucky · 479 U.S. 314 (1987)
• United States v. Dunnigan · 507 U.S. 87 (1993)
• Williams v. United States · 503 U.S. 193 (1992)
• Harris v. United States · 536 U.S. 545 (2002)
• United States v. Raines · 362 U.S. 17 (1960)
• Welsh v. United States · 398 U.S. 333 (1970)
• Edwards v. United States · 523 U.S. 511 (1998)
• Califano v. Westcott · 443 U.S. 76 (1979)
• Cooter & Gell v. Hartmarx Corp. · 496 U.S. 384 (1990)
• Williams v. New York · 337 U.S. 241 (1949)
• United States v. Gaudin · 515 U.S. 506 (1995)
• Stinson v. United States · 508 U.S. 36 (1993)

Cited by

Later Supreme Court opinions in our collection that cite this case.

• Rita v. United States · 551 U.S. 338 (2007)
• Cunningham v. California · 549 U.S. 270 (2007)
• Kimbrough v. United States · 552 U.S. 85 (2007)
• Dillon v. United States · 560 U.S. 817 (2010)
• Gall v. United States · 552 U.S. 38 (2007)
• Peugh v. United States · 569 U.S. 530 (2013)
• Seila Law LLC v. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau · 591 U.S. 197 (2020)
• Molina-Martinez v. United States · 578 U.S. 189 (2016)
• Irizarry v. United States · 553 U.S. 708 (2008)
• Greenlaw v. United States · 554 U.S. 237 (2008)
• Oregon v. Ice · 555 U.S. 160 (2009)
• United States v. Santos · 553 U.S. 507 (2008)
• United States v. Haymond · 588 U.S. 634 (2019)
• Southern Union Co. v. United States · 567 U.S. 343 (2012)
• Beckles v. United States · 580 U.S. 256 (2017)
• Erlinger v. United States · 602 U.S. 821 (2024)
• Holguin-Hernandez v. United States · 589 U.S. 169 (2020)
• Hughes v. United States · 584 U.S. 675 (2018)
• Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Assn. · 584 U.S. 453 (2018)
• Ramos v. Louisiana · 590 U.S. 83 (2020)
• Shepard v. United States · 544 U.S. 13 (2005)
• United States v. Williams · 553 U.S. 285 (2008)
• James v. United States · 550 U.S. 192 (2007)
• National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius · 567 U.S. 519 (2012)
• Rosales-Mireles v. United States · 585 U.S. 129 (2018)
• Chavez-Meza v. United States · 585 U.S. 109 (2018)
• Setser v. United States · 566 U.S. 231 (2012)
• Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New Eng. · 546 U.S. 320 (2006)
• Pasquantino v. United States · 544 U.S. 349 (2005)
• Cutter v. Wilkinson · 544 U.S. 709 (2005)

Official text

Read the official opinion (U.S. Reports, govinfo.gov)

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Stephen Gerald Breyer’s profile · All Supreme Court opinions · The Supreme Court

Source: the U.S. Reports via govinfo.gov; authoring Justice and vote lineup from the Supreme Court Database (Washington University). Citation count from the Free Law Project’s CourtListener bulk data. Data last verified 2026-07-03. Informational only; verify against the primary source before relying. Not a consumer report (FCRA).